雅思写作考试分为两部分,Task 1(图表说明文)和Task 2(议论文),Task 1要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇150词以上的说明文,主要考察对数据的描述、比较和总结能力,许多考生认为这部分比Task 2简单,但如果没有掌握正确的写作方法,仍然容易失分,本文将详细介绍雅思写作说明文的写作技巧,帮助考生高效备考。
理解题目要求
雅思写作Task 1通常提供以下类型的图表:
- 线形图(Line Graph)
- 柱状图(Bar Chart)
- 饼图(Pie Chart)
- 表格(Table)
- 流程图(Process Diagram)
- 地图(Map)
无论哪种图表,核心任务是客观描述信息,而不是表达个人观点,考生需要做到:
- 准确概括主要趋势(上升、下降、波动、稳定)。
- 对比关键数据(最高值、最低值、相似或相反的变化)。
- 避免遗漏重要细节,但不必描述所有数据。
写作结构清晰
一篇高分的雅思说明文通常包含四段:
(1)引言(Introduction)
用1-2句话改写题目,说明图表的主要内容,避免直接照抄题目,可以使用同义替换或调整句式。
示例:
- 原题:The chart below shows the percentage of people using different modes of transportation in a city from 1990 to 2020.
- 改写:The bar chart illustrates the proportion of citizens utilizing various transport methods in a particular city over three decades, from 1990 to 2020.
(2)概述(Overview)
这是最重要的部分,考官会重点关注你是否能概括图表的主要特征,用2-3句话总结:
- 总体趋势(如“总体呈上升趋势”)。
- 最显著的变化或对比(如“私家车使用率增长最快”)。
- 不需要具体数据,只需宏观描述。
示例:
Overall, the use of private cars increased significantly, while walking and cycling declined. Public transport remained the most popular option throughout the period.
(3)细节段落(Details Paragraph 1 & 2)
用两段详细描述数据,可以按时间、类别或数值大小分组,注意:
- 逻辑清晰:按顺序描述,避免跳跃。
- 数据对比:使用比较级(higher/lower than)、倍数(twice as much as)、占比(accounted for 30%)。
- 多样化表达:避免重复使用“increase”或“decrease”,可以用“rise,” “grow,” “decline,” “drop,” “fluctuate”等替换。
示例:
In 1990, 40% of commuters used buses, making it the most common mode of transport. By 2020, this figure had fallen to 25%, although it still ranked second. Meanwhile, car usage surged from 20% to 50%, becoming the dominant choice.
语言准确且多样
(1)趋势描述词汇
- 上升:increase, rise, grow, climb, soar
- 下降:decrease, fall, drop, decline, plummet
- 波动:fluctuate, vary, experience ups and downs
- 稳定:remain stable, stay constant, level off
(2)数据表达方式
- 精确数据:reached a peak of 70%
- 约数:approximately 50%, just over a quarter
- 倍数关系:three times higher than, twice as much as
(3)衔接词
合理使用连接词,使文章更流畅:
- 对比:however, in contrast, whereas
- 补充:additionally, moreover, furthermore
- 时间顺序:initially, subsequently, finally
避免常见错误
(1)主观评论
说明文要求客观,不要出现“I think”或“This is good/bad”。
(2)数据遗漏或错误
确保关键数据被提及,避免错误解读图表。
(3)字数不足或过多
建议写160-180词,太少可能扣分,太多可能影响Task 2的时间。
(4)时态错误
- 过去时间用过去时(In 2000, sales were...)。
- 无具体时间用现在时(The chart shows...)。
- 预测未来用将来时或情态动词(is expected to rise)。
高分范文示例
*The line graph below shows the consumption of three types of fast food in the UK from 1970 to 2020.*
范文:
The line graph illustrates the changes in the consumption of hamburgers, fish and chips, and pizza in the UK over a 50-year period, from 1970 to 2020.
Overall, pizza consumption experienced the most dramatic growth, while fish and chips declined in popularity. Hamburgers remained relatively stable throughout the period.
In 1970, fish and chips were the most consumed fast food, with around 90 servings per person annually. However, this figure dropped steadily, reaching just 30 servings by 2020. In contrast, pizza consumption started at only 10 servings but rose sharply, surpassing hamburgers in 1990 and peaking at 100 servings in 2020.
Hamburgers showed a moderate increase from 40 servings in 1970 to 60 in 2000, followed by a slight decrease to 50 servings in the final year. Despite fluctuations, they remained the second most popular choice for most of the period.
练习建议
- 限时训练:20分钟内完成一篇Task 1,培养时间管理能力。
- 多分析范文:研究高分文章的结构、词汇和逻辑。
- 使用官方题库:练习剑桥雅思真题,熟悉常见题型。
雅思写作说明文的关键在于清晰、准确、客观,掌握正确的写作框架和表达方式,结合持续练习,考生完全可以在这一部分取得理想成绩。