雅思写作要求考生具备清晰、准确且多样化的语言表达能力,而定语从句(Relative Clause)是提升句子复杂度和逻辑性的重要工具,合理使用定语从句不仅能丰富句式结构,还能帮助考生在Task 1和Task 2中更精准地传递信息,从而在评分标准的“语法多样性与准确性”和“连贯与衔接”两项中获得高分。
定语从句的基本概念与分类
定语从句用于修饰名词或代词,通常由关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(when, where, why)引导,根据从句与主句的关系,定语从句可分为两类:
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限制性定语从句(Defining Relative Clause)
这类从句对主句意义至关重要,若省略会导致句意不完整。- Students who study hard usually achieve high scores.(努力学习的学生通常能取得高分。)
这里,“who study hard”限定了“students”的范围,去掉后句意会变得模糊。
- Students who study hard usually achieve high scores.(努力学习的学生通常能取得高分。)
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非限制性定语从句(Non-defining Relative Clause)
这类从句提供附加信息,即使省略也不会影响主句的核心含义,通常用逗号隔开。- The IELTS exam, which tests English proficiency, is widely recognized.(雅思考试测试英语水平,被广泛认可。)
这里的“which tests English proficiency”是对主句的补充说明。
- The IELTS exam, which tests English proficiency, is widely recognized.(雅思考试测试英语水平,被广泛认可。)
定语从句在雅思写作中的实际应用
提升Task 1图表描述的精确性
在Task 1中,考生需要描述数据趋势或比较信息,定语从句可以帮助精准定位数据。
- The number of students who chose science subjects increased significantly in 2020.(2020年选择理科的学生数量显著增加。)
- The country, where the unemployment rate peaked in 2015, has since seen steady improvement.(该国失业率在2015年达到顶峰,此后稳步改善。)
增强Task 2议论文的逻辑性
在Task 2中,定语从句可用于支持论点或限定讨论范围,使论证更严密。
- Governments should invest in renewable energy, which can reduce dependence on fossil fuels.(政府应投资可再生能源,这能减少对化石燃料的依赖。)
- People who prioritize environmental protection tend to support stricter regulations.(重视环境保护的人通常支持更严格的法规。)
避免重复,使表达更简洁
定语从句能合并两个简单句,避免名词重复。
- 原句:The book is very popular. The book was written by a famous author.
- 优化后:The book, which was written by a famous author, is very popular.(这本书由一位著名作家撰写,非常受欢迎。)
常见错误与规避方法
尽管定语从句功能强大,但使用不当可能导致语法错误或表达不清,以下是考生常犯的错误及改进建议:
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关系代词选择错误
- 错误:The person which helped me was very kind.
- 正确:The person who helped me was very kind.(帮助我的人非常友善。)
规则:指人用who/whom,指物用which,that两者均可(但在非限制性从句中不可用that)。
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从句位置不当
- 错误:I met a professor at the conference who specializes in linguistics.(歧义:是“我”还是“教授”专攻语言学?)
- 正确:At the conference, I met a professor who specializes in linguistics.(在会议上,我遇到了一位专攻语言学的教授。)
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冗余或啰嗦
- 冗余:The city that it has a large population is facing traffic problems.
- 简洁:The city, which has a large population, is facing traffic problems.(这座人口众多的城市正面临交通问题。)
高级技巧:混合使用定语从句与其他句式
为了在写作中展现更高的语言水平,考生可以结合其他句式:
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倒装句+定语从句
- Not only does the policy benefit the economy, which is currently struggling, but it also creates jobs.(该政策不仅有利于目前陷入困境的经济,还能创造就业机会。)
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分词短语替换定语从句
- 原句:The report that was published yesterday revealed new findings.
- 优化:The report published yesterday revealed new findings.(昨天发布的报告揭示了新发现。)
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介词+关系代词结构
- The university in which I studied has a strong reputation.(我就读的大学声誉卓著。)
练习建议
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仿写高分范文
分析雅思官方范文或高分示例,标注其中的定语从句,并尝试模仿其用法。 -
句子合并练习
将两个简单句合并为含定语从句的复合句,- Technology is advancing rapidly. It changes our daily lives. → Technology, which is advancing rapidly, changes our daily lives.
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自我纠错
写完作文后,检查是否过度使用简单句,并尝试用定语从句优化表达。
在雅思写作中,定语从句的灵活运用能显著提升语言质量,但需注意准确性和自然度,通过系统练习和针对性纠错,考生可以逐步掌握这一技巧,使文章更符合学术写作的标准。